Leaning Tower of Pisa

by daneeboy | 08:42 in , , |

Very often, this world famous building is usually considered as an independent structure, standing somewhere on the outskirts, and living an independent life ... In fact, it is not. Leaning Tower of Pisa - the ensemble of the city's Cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore in Pisa. The tower is the bell tower of the cathedral and adjacent to the north-eastern corner. The famous cathedral in Pisa, the ensemble - a masterpiece of medieval Italian architecture.

Creation of the complex began in 1063 when on the outskirts of the city, on a green meadow, the building was laid down on the ensemble of the Cathedral City, has included a five-naval white marble cathedral, bell tower and baptistery, baptismal. Since the remote from the town center area formed one of the outstanding works of the Middle Ages, has had a huge impact on the development of Italian, and the whole of European architecture. The first builder of the temple was the architect Busketto probably a native of Greece. This is indicated as the name of the master, and his proposed composition of the cathedral, dating back to the ideas of the Byzantine architecture of the V century.
After the 1118 construction of the Cathedral of Pisa continued the master Rainald. He lengthened the main nave of the building and erected facades. That he belongs to the main facade of the cathedral design in the form of several rows of light, graceful semicircular arcades. In Tuscany was not made to decorate the facades of churches sculpture, and master Rainald revived with just a facade of white and black, with gray-blue tint, the stone with marble inlays. Under the bright southern sun of Pisa Cathedral contrasts with the green meadows, and it seems that absorbs all the colors of the sky. Council makes a wonderful impression with jewelry finishing his columns and arochek create the sensation of the toy.
Basically, the construction of the Cathedral of Pisa was completed in 1150-ies. Such construction is relatively fast due to the fact that the master did not spend time on the construction of complex stone arches: the overlap of the central nave made ​​of wood. Placed over the portals of colorful mosaics. The interior of the cathedral is decorated with a gilded ceiling and marble sculptures of the many ..
Sculptures in the temple associated with the name of the outstanding Italian artist Nicola Pisano. His sculptures resemble the art of the Roman Empire since the early Christianity. Many researchers see in the work of Pisano first glimmers of the Renaissance ("-Renaissance").
His father's work was continued by his son, Giovanni Pisano, and many who worked on the decoration of the temple. The altar of the Cathedral of Pisa stands a colossal statue of Christ. Very nice gothic marble pulpit (pulpit) - of a father and son Pisano, one of the main Cathedral of Things. The chair is richly decorated with sculptures and reliefs of Nicola Pisano, executed about 1260. In general interior of the cathedral was severely damaged during a fire in 1596.
The construction of the belfry, Campanile ("Leaning Tower") was launched in 1174, as suggested - the masters of William (Guglielmo) from Innsbruck and Bonn. By constructing the first floor height of 11 meters and two rings colonnade, Bonanno found that the bell has deviated from the vertical by four centimeters. The wizard has stopped working and disappeared from the ... goroda.Vremya from time to time for construction work resumed, and by 1233 had built a total of four floors. Only a hundred years after construction began in 1275, city officials found the brave who dare to continue the construction of the belfry.
When the architect Giovanni di Simoni resumed work, the deviation of the upper cornice of the tower from the vertical was 50 inches. The risk was too great. So, after finishing fifth floor Colonnade, it stopped working. In 1350, when the deviation from the vertical line was already 92 centimeters, for the work of the architect Tomaso began di Andrea. He lifted the next floor with sloping sides for 11 centimeters, and the bell tower "filled up" in the direction opposite to the slope. Only after that, he hoisted over the eight-tiered bell tower with a bronze bell. So, 164 years after construction of the tower was finally completed. However, it was shortened to four floors and no roof. A plan for the first architects of the first floor it was supposed to be high, then 10 floors with balconies, 12th floor - the belfry, and was supposed to marry kampanillu roof. The total height of the tower was assumed to be 98 meters.
There are various theories explaining the causes of ill-fated tilt of the tower. The researchers admit the possibility that the Bonanno must have used a pump for pumping water, which in any case it was impossible to do. As he built a circular structure, pumps, seem to have been at the center of the tower - away from the walls. Pumped out the water flowed in one direction - towards the river Arno.
The tower height is 56 meters, diameter - 15 meters. At the top of the tower is a staircase of 294 steps, which climbed to the top you can survey the whole area ... and marvel at how well the tower still stands! The world-famous scientist Galileo now used Leaning Tower of Pisa for his experiments. On the top floor of her, he threw various objects in order to prove that the rate of fall does not depend on the weight of a falling body.
The question of stability of the tower began to interest engineers almost immediately after its construction, as the tower is not just inclined - it falls, the deviation from the vertical increases. Now it is more than four meters. She tried to reinforce and XVIII, and XIX century. Thorough studies were conducted in 1994, when the system was installed in the lead counterweights to keep the tower in 2001. No danger of falling, but the tower continues to lean on a few millimeters per year.
Now back to the observation deck can be lifted tourists admire the beauty and realize that they are on one of the world's most famous attractions. Just one question bothers many people: How many years will stand still banked a miracle?

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